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STEM Tuesday — Bioluminesence– Author Interview

By on October 22, 2024   /   Bioluminescence, STEM Tuesday  

Welcome to STEM Tuesday: Author Interview, a repeating feature for the fourth Tuesday of every month. Go Science-Tech-Engineering-Math!

Why are author interviews such an important part of STEM Tuesday? For one, it’s fun for kids (and adults!) to read about doing research and writing from the person doing the work. Plus, getting a glimpse into what it’s like to be an author can get kids (again – and adults!) excited about doing their own writing!

Now, let’s meet Stephen Aitken, who’s written or illustrated dozens of nonfiction books for kids! His newest book is Living Light: Conserving Bioluminescent Plants and Animals (Orca Book Publishers 2024), which explores the amazing world of creatures that generate their own light.

Andi Diehn: I didn’t realize that bioluminescence had evolved independently in different species with different chemicals working to produce the light. This is fascinating – does this make it more complicated to study?

Stephen Aitken: Bioluminescence has evolved independently in many different species, insects, jellyfish, fungi, etc. And yes, it does make their study more complicated – but it also helps us understand more about evolution. Bioluminescence is an example of convergent evolution, the phenomenon whereby different organisms evolve similar traits independently of each other. Animals and plants that make their own light need two things: a chemical reaction between a light-emitting molecule known as luciferin and another substance that sparks it, luciferase. It’s kind of like a match stick that needs a match box to set it alight. There are at least five different types in different organisms: fireflies, insects, and marine animals use several different types, and fungi and bacteria have their own type of luciferin and luciferase. To study these animals in their wild habitats – oceans, forests and caves – can require specialized equipment such as deep-sea submersibles and other equipment.

AD: Living art – I love the idea of incorporating bioluminescence into the art world. What can young readers gain from this merging of science and art?

Stephen: The natural world is a very inspiring source of creativity. Architects use the principles of natural structures to build, fine artists are inspired by colors and designs found in plants and animals from around the world. Bioluminescence shows the stunning visual displays of the natural world. When artists incorporate this into their work, it can help young readers see science as more than just facts and figures, as a world of beauty and wonder. This broadens their understanding of how deeply connected humans are to the environment, foster a sense of awe, and make science feel more accessible and engaging. By observing how artists use bioluminescence in creative ways, young readers may begin to think about how scientific knowledge can help solve problems in innovative ways. For example, it might inspire solutions for sustainable lighting or the creative uses of light in design. It may also teach them about sustainability in both science and art and reinforce the importance of protecting the environment.

I encourage young readers to imagine new ways of combining many different disciplines, in this case blending scientific knowledge with their artistic talents. Merging science and art encourages STEAM learning (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math), combining technical knowledge with creative thinking. This integration can be particularly motivating for young readers who might be more drawn to one subject but find new interest in the other. The intersection of science and art through bioluminescence provides young readers with an engaging, multi-sensory way to explore both creativity and the natural world, ultimately deepening their appreciation for both.

AD: I love your sidebars – life-saving plankton, tiny trackers to see how infections spread, and so much more. Why did you include these stories of how bioluminescent organisms can help humans?

Stephen: I think we humans are always looking for applicability. Stories of how nature inspired amazing scientific breakthroughs is always uplifting. The sidebar examples spark curiosity, develop problem-solving skills, and demonstrate that even small discoveries can make a big impact on our world, encouraging kids to explore the natural world around them.

AD: I love learning about the different uses of bioluminescence – bomber worm, dragonfish hunting with light, attracting mates. And the ones we need to guess about! Is it good for young readers to learn how much we don’t know?

Stephen: Great question. Short answer: YES! Science moves forward through building on the discoveries of the curious minded scientists that came before us. I think it’s important to show young readers how investigating what we don’t know is how great discoveries are made. But also, it’s vitally important to show that there is so much we DON’T know. There is a big world of question marks out there just begging to be turned into exclamation marks by young readers with curious minds.

AD: Your story about local schoolchildren helping collect fireflies – I love this early example of Citizen Science and also love your note about conservation. Why is it important that we continue to adjust the way we do science as we learn more about the repercussions of our actions?

Stephen: In the 1950s there were only two and half billion people in the world. There were more trees, healthier ecosystems, larger populations of animals and insects. Times have changed. The limits of the Earth we live on are becoming more evident. It’s important to keep improving how we do science because as we learn more, we discover new ways our actions can impact the planet, people, and animals. By adjusting our methods, we can avoid harming the environment, make better inventions, and solve problems like pollution or disease. Science is about learning, and we get better at protecting the world when we change how we do things based on what we’ve learned. This helps us create a safer, healthier future for everyone. Our oceans and skies are not infinite and cannot handle everything that we throw into them. Science does not have all the answers and we have to keep questioning the repercussions of all our meddling in the natural world.

AD: A lot of the creatures in your book work together, either in a colony of the same species or in smaller symbiotic relationships. How might kids see this reflected in the human world they’re a part of?

Stephen: Yes, in nature, creatures work together to survive, like ants in colonies or microbes like bacteria helping animals through symbiotic relationships. We see this in the human world too—people working together as teams in school, sports, or communities. When we cooperate, we solve problems faster, share skills, solutions, and support each other. Teamwork can help everyone succeed and make life better for everyone!

AD: Your story about refusing to experiment on live dogs – why is it important to include that kind of anecdote in a science book for kids? What do they learn from it?

Stephen: All living creatures have feelings. We can only imagine what they are experiencing. When I was studying physiology, the paradigm was that animals only functioned through instinct and lived in a programmed way. Anyone who has spent time with animals knows in their heart that this is not true. Animals have feelings and can be incredibly intelligent and intuitive at times. We need to honor this and have respect for all life on Earth. Since those years in the physiology lab, society has changed, science has changed. Animal rights now have a voice. Concerned citizens have started to defend them. We have no right to torture or treat animals as inanimate objects, valuable only for our own purposes. This is an outdated way of looking at the natural world.

AD: The tension about science that can both harm the world and help it – why is it important to have these conversations with students?

Stephen: It’s important to talk with students about how science can both help and harm the world because it teaches them to think carefully about the choices we make. Science can lead to amazing things, cure diseases and protect the environment, but it can also cause problems like pollution or harming animals. By having these conversations, kids learn to ask important questions, make responsible decisions, and understand that using science wisely can lead to a better future for everyone. It helps them see that their actions matter in making the world a better place. It also teaches them that we can make discoveries while still being responsible and respectful to all life forms.

AD: Are there any questions I didn’t ask that you’d like to answer?

Stephen: “What’s my next book and how do you come up with your ideas?” Thanks for asking 😁.  Researching Living Light was really inspiring for me ­– bioluminescence is magical. I got the chance to interview scientists, biochemists, marine biologists and taxonomists, all of whom were doing incredible work in this field. The more I study the natural world, the more treasures I find. Also, I continue to find links between scientific disciplines and I love that! Discovering that bioluminsecent animals produced different colors of light, that florescence in some reptiles and insects is different from bioluminescence, and the principles of iridescence in bird feathers, chameleon skin and fish scales. All this made me stop and think about why animals use color and how does it help them to survive. That was the spark that lit the fire for my upcoming book, Nature’s Palette: Color and Survival in the Animal Kingdom scheduled for publication next year.

Writing books is my life. It’s my way of understanding the fascinating world around me. I love it and I’m pretty darn sure I will never ever run out of things to write about for young readers.

 

Stephen Aitken is a biologist, artist and author. Despite an early brush with nyctophobia (fear of the dark), he became fascinated with bioluminescence while researching a book he wrote on the dangers of light pollution. Stephen’s books fulfill (and sometimes feed) his longing to conserve the living creatures that share and enrich our planet. He has written and illustrated many picture books, chapter books and close to a dozen nonfiction books for middle-grade readers on topics including the climate crisis, the impact of artificial lighting on ecosystems (Saving the Night), the role of sound in conservation (Listen Up!) and other topics that encourage living in harmony with life on Earth. Stephen is the cofounder and executive secretary of Biodiversity Conservancy International, a registered Canadian charity, and is editorial director of the science journal Biodiversity, published in partnership with the Taylor & Francis Group. To see more of his books and art, please visit stephenaitken.com.

 

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Use Four Acts to Get Through the Murky Middle

By on October 21, 2024   /   For Writers, Writing  

Focus on the Midpoint

When I outline a novel or graphic novel, I love to reference Save the Cat. If you’re not familiar with this plotting method, it’s based on screenplays and breaks a movie into Act 1 (the first 25% of the book), Act 2 (the next 50%), and Act 3 (the last 25%).

I more or less stick to this, except I put even more emphasis on the midpoint.

A strong midpoint not only gives the reader a high-impact scene to break up the long slog of the middle, but it’s a great chance to change up gears. In fact, I try to make this moment so huge that it effectively breaks that long Act 2 into two acts, so each of the four acts is 25% of the book.*

Act=Goal

To do that, I think of each act as a goal for the MC. Act=goal.

So, in a sense, the flow of a novel could look like this:

  • Act 1: the MC is pursuing a goal, one that makes sense for their ordinary world. Then a catalyst happens to either put that goal in jeopardy or catapult it forward.
  • Act 2: Reacting to that catalyst, the MC sets forth to achieve a new goal. Then another catalyst happens (the Midpoint) that either puts that goal in jeopardy or catapults it forward.
  • Act 3: repeat, bringing us to the All is Lost moment, which is the catalyst for the last act.
  • Act 4: reacting to the All is Lost, the MC makes a final goal.

Sometimes the catalyst in each act is subtle. Sometimes it’s an accumulation of things learned in the act up to that point. Sometimes it’s huge, like a bombshell of information. Whatever it is, each catalyst prevents the MC from continuing to pursue the goal that they are currently on; they have to change gears.

Examples

Star Wars

Let’s look at how this works in Star Wars: A New Hope.

Act 1

  • Goal: Set up droids on the farm.
  • Catalyst: Ben Kenobi asks Luke to go with him to Alderaan and Luke’s aunt and uncle are killed, making his Act 1 goal of getting the droids set up on the farm irrelevant.

Act 2

  • Goal: Get the plans to Alderaan.
  • Catalyst: The Death Star blows up Alderaan and captures the Millennium Falcon.
image from Star Wars: A New Hope. Standing behind Han Solo, Obi Wan looks tense, gazing at something in front of them, saying "That's no moon."

Our Star Wars heroes are about to discover that they cannot achieve their Act 2 goal.

Act 3

  • Goal: Rescue the princess from the Death Star
  • Catalyst: They escape, but the Death Star follows them to the hidden rebel base.

Act 4

  • Goal: Destroy the Death Star to save the rebel base.
  • Result: Luke destroys the Death Star.

Other Examples

Movies:

  • Raiders of the Lost Ark (this goal shift is huge, as Indy’s goal goes from finding the Ark to getting it back from the Nazis; in fact, the entire second half of the movie is Indy trying to get and keep the Ark from the Nazis)
  • Monsters, Inc. (this is subtle, but Sully switches from wanting to save his career to wanting to save Boo, a goal shift that causes conflict with Mike)
  • Lion King
  • Up

Books: The Last Mapmaker and A Wish in the Dark by Christina Soontornvat are great examples of the main character’s goal shifting in at the midpoint.

Does It Really Matter?

I don’t think it matters to the reader whether you outline your story with a goal change in the middle, as long as the story moves along. But as the writer, I find splitting up that long middle to be incredibly helpful for getting through the murky middle. Basically, it’s chunking up a huge task into two more manageably sized tasks.

For example, imagine you’re writing Star Wars. Woud it be easier to plot if you had a list of goals for Luke that were:

  1. Set up droids on the farm
  2. Get plans to the rebel alliance
  3. Destroy the Death Star and save the rebels

Or:

  1. Set up droids on the farm
  2. Get plans to Alderaan
  3. Rescue the rebel princess and escape to the rebel base
  4. Destroy the Death Star and save the rebels

You could interpret Star Wars either way, but personally, I would find the second to be much easier to build a story around. The specificity helps me to keep the middle of the book moving along. It would give me something more concrete to write toward.

I can think of many stories that do not approach the Midpoint this way. (I can think of many that don’t even really have a Midpoint shift). But if you’re stuck in the murky middle, try breaking that long Act 2 into two goals, and give each a catalyst that disrupts that goal.

*For more information on four-act stories, click here to read about Joyce Sweeney’s plot clock.

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Author Spotlight: Mixed-Up Files Member Lisa Schmid

By on October 18, 2024   /   Author Interviews  

It’s always a pleasure to shine the Author Spotlight on a fellow Mixed-Up Files member, so I’m thrilled to chat with my friend and fellow MG author Lisa Schmid! Lisa’s sophomore MG novel, Hart & Souls, about an anxious middle schooler with a ghost problem, is out now from Andrews McMeel Publishing.

And now, without further ado…

Interview with Lisa Schmid

Melissa: Welcome, Lisa! So glad to have you here today.

Lisa: Thank you so much! I always love hanging out with you at the Mixed-Up Files.

About Hart & Souls

Melissa: The last time we chatted, back in October 2023, it was in conjunction with the cover reveal for your second MG novel, Hart & Souls (you can read the interview here). To refresh readers’ memories, what is the premise of the book? Also, how did you come up with the idea?

Lisa: Stix Hart wants to avoid trouble at his new middle school, but his first day brings ghostly encounters that push his anxiety to the limit. He meets three spirits who have been trapped for decades and need his help to move on. To free them, Stix must confront his fears to solve this paranormal predicament.

The idea for Hart & Souls came to me after encountering the local bully at Target. He was on the phone at the front of the store, frightened and crying. After eavesdropping, I learned no one had picked him up from school, and he didn’t know where else to go. I could tell from the conversation this was a regular occurrence.

It told me a lot about why he was acting up at school. I’ve always believed that when somebody behaves unkindly, it usually means they’re fighting a battle we know nothing about. At that moment, I knew I had my next book.

Writing a story about three ghosts with unfinished business allowed me to explore different backstories of kids and how it impacted their lives. And just as important, how their actions affected others.

Overcoming Anxiety

Melissa: The main character, Stix, a talented drummer, was the target of bullying at his previous school. Because of this, he starts middle school with a great deal of trepidation and anxiety. Can you tell us how Stix’s anxiety manifests itself, and what he does to cope with it?

Lisa: Stix is dealing with some fairly intense anxiety as a result of a bullying incident in the third grade. As a result, he suffers from panic attacks when something triggers this memory. It can be a sight, sound, or even a casual glance.

To manage his anxiety, he focuses on music beats to give his brain something else to think about. This coping mechanism is a technique I learned about after speaking with a psychologist while doing research for the book.

Bang a Drum!

Melissa: As above, Stix is a talented drummer. Is this something you have in common with him, or did you have to do extensive research to familiarize yourself?

Lisa: I knew from the start that music would be the underlying theme. I’ve always wanted to be a drummer but never had the patience to pick up the sticks. My son is a musician, so I asked his guitar/drum teacher for advice about playing the drums.

Melissa: Let’s switch gears and talk about the spooky side of the novel. Ghosts are involved, of course. Can you elaborate?

Lisa: Yes! *rubs hands together with glee* I love writing about ghosts because there are no rules. I get to make them up as I go. They are also the perfect sidekicks, providing situations that often lead to funny and heartfelt moments.

I tend to shy away from the super spooky themes. To be honest, that’s not my jam. I wish I could spin a spine-tingling horror story, but I think I would end up throwing in a farting ghost just to lighten the mood. Best to stay in my goofy lane. I have lots of fun there.

Lessons Learned from My Partner the Ghost

Melissa: Your debut novel, Ollie Oxley and the Ghost, was spooky as well. Have you always been drawn to the supernatural? Also, what is it about ghosts that fascinates you?

Lisa: When I was around nine, my favorite show was a British TV series called My Partner the Ghost. It was about a pair of private detectives in London. In the pilot, one gets killed, comes back as a ghost, and helps his partner solve crimes. I’ve been obsessed ever since with the idea of friendly ghosts. It’s brilliant, and I love it to this day! It was my inspiration for Ollie Oxley and the Ghost.

(P.S. You can watch the pilot episode on YouTube.)

Literary Easter Eggs

Melissa: Hart & Souls contains several “Easter eggs,” aka little surprises for eagle-eyed readers to find. Without giving too much away, can you tell us about some of your favorites?

Lisa: There’s actually only one Easter egg in Hart & Souls, but I love it! You will easily find this fun little nugget if you have read Ollie Oxley and The Ghost. Many folks have emailed or commented on a social media post when they see it.

Fun side note: The Chronicles of Narnia are my favorite books of all time. I usually drop in a reference that fellow Narnians will catch. You can look for those as well.

Plotter Versus Pantser

Melissa: Switching gears again, what does your writing routine look like? Also, are you a plotter or a pantser?

Lisa: I am a card-carrying member of the Pantser Society. I always know how a story will begin and end, but I never know what will happen in between. I write all my books chapter by chapter. The idea that people can plot a story is magical. I don’t possess that extraordinary talent. This process makes me a painfully slow writer because I have to figure things out as I go. I also edit along the way . . . I can’t help myself. (grimace face)

Path to Publication

Melissa: Can you tell us about your path to publication? Smooth sailing or a meandering path? Also, what advice would you give to wannabe MG authors?

Lisa: Meandering and full of potholes!

I did not land an agent with Ollie Oxley and the Ghost. As a matter of fact, I only got one request for a full and one personalized rejection. Otherwise, it was crickets. I got my first book deal via a Twitter kidlit pitch party. I received one “like,” and it was from my wonderful editor.

I eventually caught the interest of my fantastic agent, Leslie Zampetti, with a chapter book series about a crime-solving pug with a goldfish sidekick. Unfortunately, it has not sold . . . yet, but I’m still holding out hope that an editor will one day give Bumble & Beans their forever home.

This is a cleaned-up version of my path to publication. My journey was riddled with mishaps and missteps. I was a hot mess. But the trick is to keep plugging away and learn from your mistakes.

For the record, my fastest rejection turn-around was ten minutes. I have yet to meet anyone who can beat that time. 🙂

Melissa: Actually, I can. I once got a rejection in FOUR minutes! How the agent had time to read my query and reject it so quickly remains a mystery!

Lisa: 😂

Writers with Wrinkles

Melissa: In addition to being a writer of middle-grade fiction, you’re also the co-host of the popular podcast, Writers with Wrinkles. How do you juggle these different roles?

Lisa: I don’t think we had any idea how much time and effort goes into creating a podcast, but it’s been worth it.

The first three years, we ran four episodes a month. It was a lot of work between recording and promoting while still focusing on our individual projects. But we love serving the writing community and want everyone to succeed!

We switched to twice-monthly episodes, making our schedules slightly more manageable. We also changed our format. Once a month, we host an “Ask Beth & Lisa” segment in which listeners can send in questions. For our second episode, we interview editors or agents. I feel like we have found our groove and are making the most of our time while still packing in valuable tips for our listeners.

Our editor/agent chats are the best! I have learned so much about publishing and the querying process from our guests. Information I wish I had known when I started my publishing journey. I encourage querying writers to give them a listen.

Up Next…

Melissa: What are you working on now, Lisa? Can you give Mixed-Up Files readers a sneak peek?

Lisa: I am just finishing a middle-grade adventure. This book does not involve ghosts, but it does have ghost towns. It’s a time-traveling tale with some epic twists and turns. It’s been a challenge to write due to the different timelines. More than once, I’ve woken up in the middle of the night with the horrifying realization that I had a major plot hole. Fortunately, I believe I have plugged every last one. (Fingers crossed)

Lightning Round

Melissa: No MUF interview is complete without a lightning round, so…

Preferred writing snack? Potato Chips

Coffee or tea? Coffee

Ghosts: Real or imaginary? Real

Superpower? Empathy

Favorite place on earth? Cotswolds

If you were stranded on a desert island with only three things, what would they be? My pug, Lucy, for company; The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe to read; and a cozy blanket to keep us warm

Melissa: Many thanks for joining us today, Lisa! As always, it was a treat to have you here!

Lisa: Thank you so much! I had a blast. As usual . . . You always ask the best questions.

Bio

Lisa Schmid is an author, a stay-at-home-mom, and co-host of the podcast Writers With Wrinkles. When she’s not scaring up ghostly adventures, she’s most likely visiting schools to talk about writing and books. She lives in Northern California with her husband, son, two dogs, and one very sneaky hamster. Learn more about Lisa on her website and follow her on Twitter and Instagram.

Melissa Roske is a writer of middle-grade fiction. Before spending her days with imaginary people, she interviewed real ones as a journalist in Europe. In London she landed a job as an advice columnist for Just Seventeen magazine. Upon returning to her native New York, Melissa contributed to several books and magazines, selected jokes for Reader’s Digest, and received certification as a life coach from NYU. In addition to her debut novel Kat Greene Comes Clean (Charlesbridge), Melissa’s short story “Grandma Merle’s Last Wish” appears in the Jewish middle-grade anthology, Coming of Age: 13 B’Nai Mitzvah Stories (Albert Whitman). Learn more about Melissa on her Website and follow her on  Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.

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